Key configuration settings
Puppet has about 200 settings, all of which are listed in the configuration reference. Most of the time, you interact with only a couple dozen of them. This page lists the most important ones, assuming that you're okay with default values for things like the port Puppet uses for network traffic. See the configuration reference for more details on each.
There are a lot of settings that are rarely useful but still make sense, but there are also at least a hundred that are not configurable at all. This is a Puppet design choice. Because of the way Puppet code is arranged, the settings system is the easiest way to publish global constants that are dynamically initialized on startup. This means a lot of things have been introduced to Puppet as configurable settings regardless of whether they needed to be configurable.
For a full list of Puppet settings, see the configuration reference.